The value of the K-factor is influenced by the material properties and. Stainless Steel 296 x 10 -5 35 x 10–5 Copper 326 x 10 -5 44 x 10 -5 Aluminum 415 x 10 -5 47 x 10 -5 Iron 198 x 10 -518 x 10 Invar 40 x 10 -5-. Thermal conductivity 3 W. copper 0. The capacity factor is determined through experience and for each application it is influenced by the type and style of mist eliminator, the relative geometry of mist eliminator to vapor flow, as well as process considerations such as operating pressure, fluid viscosities and liquid surface tension. 8 kPa/100 m = 1000 mmH2O/100 m. Stainless steel 430 - 1. DIN 6912-8. 19. 304 stainless steel: 0. h l = Head Loss (m/100 m). Hs = Static Suction Lift (m). Just follow these simple steps and it will spit out a K-factor for you to input into your CAD tool. The K-factor also increases with harder materials such as steel and stainless steel but never exceeds the 0. 0) is cold-rolled steel; 304 stainless steel has a factor of 3. m -1. The K-factor in sheet metal bending represents the ratio between the thickness of the metal and an invisible line called the “neutral axis. 16. ) Tightening Torque Clamp Load (lbs. We use cookies to enhance your experience. 0 Nominal K Factor S. 5% is ideal. Step-2: Enter K factor values. 0. This means that the bent stainless tube often shows ‘wrinkles’ on the inner surface of the bend. It resists galling and corrosion and reduces wear in heavy pressure applications. With the K-factor, the BA is equal to the following: BA = { [ (π ÷ 180) x Ir] + [ (π ÷ 180) x K-factor] x Mt} And the metal sheet has a thickness T = 5 mm T = 5\ \text{mm} T = 5 mm and K-factor K = 0. Note that the pipe is cooled, so the temperature difference has a negative sign: T₂ − T₁ = -85 °C = -85 K. Example - Allowable Pressure in a Steel Pipe. Design Gasket Factors 96. Bending aluminium is even more complex, since aluminium is less ductile than steel. Abstract. 2 in. a. Below 10. Note: TYCO series TY-L 8. K-Factor 1000 PPG (291 PPL) (2) K-Factor 100 PPG (26 PPL) (2) K-Factor 2500 PPG (660 PPL) (2) K-Factor 215PPG (57 PPL) (2) 2M Cable, 8 Blade CD4MCU Stainless Steel Rotor (2). For this reason, the K-factor is reduced by about 35%. 7. Please note that because of the variation in roughness in these materials depending on the source, the roughness values reported here have uncertainties ranging from ± 20 % for new wrought Iron to ± 70 % for riveted steel. The emissions factor when calculating the carbon footprint of steel per kg is: Iron metal (steel) 1kg = 1. Subcategory: Ferrous Metal; Metal; Stainless Steel; T 300 Series Stainless Steel Key Words: UNS S31600, SS316, 316SS, AISI 316, DIN 1. The addition of molybdenum can provide pitting resistance in phosphoric acid and acetic acid and dilute chloride solutions and. Minimum spacing is for lateral distance between sprinklers located along a single wall. The three roughness regimes are as follows: Dynamically smooth: 0 ≤ u*ε/ν ≤ 5. Note 1: The bend radius you select may not be available if the geometry of the part will not allow us to bend with the specific tooling required to achieve that radius. steel research international is a metallurgy journal for the research and development of steel and related materials. A = bend angle in degrees (the angle through which the material is bent)In this section, all available elevated temperature material test results on stainless steel alloys are analysed in order to obtain accurate strength reduction factors (k 0. Determining the proper torque for a fastener is the biggest problem in fastener installation. The most common grade of austenitic stainless steel is 304 (1. Hazen-Williams Coefficient. 73-Rubber (60 A Belt) Tool Steel . Insert the inner radius, R i = 1 mm R_i =1 ext{ mm} R i = 1 mm. But when it comes to entering K Factor for Mild Steel and Stainless Steel it gets confusing as this affects the blank size. static, impending slip. 00% THERMAL PROPERTIES Reference Temperature 23°C (73°F) 23°C (73°F). Various K Factors: Typical Steel Bolt: 0. WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive. 33 to . ) Asbestos cementK Factor: K Factor is a torque coefficient between bolt and receptacle. Material Iron metal Steel Stainless steel kg 6. 0015 10 -3 (m) , hydraulic diameter d h = 0. Alloy 409 is a general purpose, chromium, titanium stabilized, ferritic stainless steel whose primary application is automotive exhaust systems. For the completely rough regime, the value of Β' is equal a constant of 8. The range of Machinability is vast and spans from about 40% for difficult to machine steels, such as bearing steel ( SAE 52100 / DIN 100Cr6) up to Ledloy free-cutting steel (SAE 12L14 / DIN 9SMnPb36) that has a machinability rate of about 170%. 0 K-factor, Extended Coverage Horizontal Sidewall Sprinklers are extended coverage, decorative 3 mm glass-bulb type spray sprinklers designed for use in hydraulically calculated sprinkler systems in light hazard, commercial occupancies such as churches, restaurant seating areas, hotels, educational facilities,. When selecting a stainless steel for any corrosive environment, it is always best to consult with a corrosion engineer and, if possible, conduct tests in the environment involved under actual operating conditions. Useful Tables 1033 Table A–16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for Bending of a Round Bar or Tube with a Transverse Round Hole Source: R. The coefficient k is measured in watts per meter Kelvin (or degree) (W/mK). VK Number: VK630. The spring bacK-Factor, commonly denoted by Ks, is the relation between the initial and final angles. 2, as per my machine design textbook (V. It is a function of the materials' frictional characteristics, which are based on surface finish, coatings and so on. G. We bend lots of stainless, which in terms of hardness, is very similar to mild steel (a36/gr50/cq) If I were to start folding, I would use . 3 Thermal Conductivity. This article discusses the properties and applications of stainless steel grade 304 (UNS S30400). Therefore, the K factor remains constant. c. 5 in, wall thickness 0. Rake Angle: 9° -11°. Thermal conductivity for stainless steel is 17 W/(m K) (from the table above). 17 found in seemingly identical fasteners here results in a substantial clamp load variation. Coefficients of friction between materials are best determined through. Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as. A measure of the ability of a material to allow the flow of heat. Thermal Conductivity - Online Converter Convert between thermal conductivity units. 1 ~ 1. I have tried it today and it doesn't seem to give exactly the result I was expecting. The recommended binder pressure for round draws of low-carbon draw-quality steel is 600 pounds per lineal inch around the post (draw post diameter x 3. Mechanical Properties Typical Values at 68°F (20°C) Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Elongation Hardness 0. The main factor causing pitting corrosion is the breakdown of the passivity layer (i. 0. 45 – 0. 1 ftH2O/100 ft = 0. 7 6061-T6 Aluminum 1/2" between 60-65 41. 432, R=plate thickness, unfold size can accurate to 0. 2 in. See full size image. 15-5 stainless steel is a martensitic, precipitation hardening steel designed for higher strength than 17-4 stainless. Multiply the volume with density to get the 12 mm steel weight:300 K vacuum vessels but care must be taken that breaks. In construction, the R-value is the measurement of a material's capacity to resist heat flow from one side to the other. 9 Bare Steel; DIN 7984-A2 Stainless Steel; Keys. Bend allowance is the amount of extra material you need to add while calculating the flat pattern of any sheet metal part. stainless steel end of the tube at 1600°F (871°C) and exits the 5% chromium steel end of the tube at 800°F (427°C). The lowest expansion is found in the iron-nickel alloys such as Invar. 4016 is a very popular and versatile grade of stainless steel. 0 K-factor Stain - less Steel Pendent Sprinkler cannot be installed in a recess pendent arrangement. Pipe Size. k. It comes with option of several k-factors and spray angles and. 4 77. 44 (cr4/hr4) stainless steel 0. 24 r/d=0. 28 r/d=0. You just have to insert the characteristics of the sheet metal to be bent. If you were to re-use PTFE coated studs, the corrosion-resistant coating on the threads will most likely. Prefix- (S)Steel - (CLS)Stainless Steel. View Specs. The PVC pipe calculation are made with the Online Hazens-Williams Calculator with a roughness coefficient c = 145. 14 8. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (PDF) T = K×F×D. 18: Cadmium-Plated: 0. 2. This is also called the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, resistance coefficient, or simply friction factor. 20-0. Finish. This article summarizes the thermal conductivity of stainless steel 304 and 316 at various temperatures in annealed condition, also other stainless steel grades. For 4 or 5 inches Insulation: multiply by 0. 012". . 0. 1 mm can be made in polypropylene PP, aluminum or stainless steel. 01. One item of note: The K factor found in the "Machinists Handbook" (Industrial Press Inc. $ 29. tK = tC + 273. For 2 or 3 inches Insulation: multiply by 0. Related Documents Bimetallic Strips Heat and bending of bimetallic strips. Grade 301 Temper ASTM. 6% max), chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, etc. F1FR40 Standard Spray Sprinkler. Various K Factors: Typical Steel Bolt: 0. 882 kcal/h m 2 o C - Unit Converter; Note that these coefficients are very rough. German / Deutsch. 20% for various metals, is popular among engineers. 04 0. I work on Solidworks Sheet Metal for designing sheet metal boxes, plates, hoppers,etc. Is it used in a variety of industries due to its combination of strength and corrosion resistance versus cost. MATERIAL, BEND RADII AND MINIMUM BEND SIZE CHARTS. 5. 20 percent - 304 stainless steel; 15 percent - Cold-rolled steel; 15 percent - 5052 H32 Aluminum;LOCTITE® LB 771™ is a silver, thick, metallic heavy-duty, high temperature, nickel-based anti-seize lubricant paste. The best single-volume reference on the metallurgy, selection, processing, performance, and evaluation of stainless steels, incorporating essential information culled from across the ASM Handbook series. The coefficient of friction between mating threads. You’ve found the k-factor. However, steel-containing structures decay due to corrosion, destroying. Value(“Custom”, “kFac”) = kFac This writes. The K-factor approximations given below are more likely to be accurate for air bending than the other types of bending due to the lower forces involved in the forming process. The required tonnage is often prohibitive. g = Universal Gravitational constant. The value of μ s is generally higher than the value of μ k for a given combination of materials. If the sheet metal gauge tables hadn’t been already constructed and researched, now would be the time to go away and spend hours trying to find the necessary information to complete the design. Modeling up my first stainless steel parts, as I usually only use mild steel. The k-factor is found by dividing time by the thickness of the material: The formula for the k-factor is t/Mt. AISI 301 Stainless Steel (UNS S30100) AISI 301 stainless steel (UNS S30100) is the most susceptible to cold deformation strengthening among conventional austenitic stainless steels. Stainless steel prevents rusting because of its composition. 3 which will result in K factor of 0. T = 1 \text { mm} T = 1 mm. ” When a flat piece of material is bent the inside face of the bend is compressed and the outside part stretches. 76 · 10 4 so that CR is in [mm/y], m loss is the mass loss [g] of the metal (m 0 − m f) in time t [hours], A is the surface area of the material exposed [cm 2], and ρ is the density of the material [g/cm 3] (ASTM, 2012; Kreysa & Schütze, Reference Kreysa and Schütze 2007; Kutz, Reference Kutz 2005). Most of our threaded connections use thread inserts of some kind, mostly helicoil, or PEM. 15 K = 0. mild steel 0. 5mm up to 6. More info. 1 Ω·mm²/m = 1 μΩ·m. The S-N curve indicates the sum of the load changes that can be endured until a material is fractured. r = relative roughness. For example, the percentage can be anything from 20% to 22% for 304 stainless steel but is often between 13% and 15% for H-series soft aluminium. 64-Rubber (60 A Belt) Rubber (40 A Belt) . 2% Offset Strength in 2 in. For exact calculations - always check manufacturing data. This table combines the bend allowance and bend deduction table so you can specify gauge values. Hazen-Williams coefficients are used in the Hazen-Williams equation calculate friction loss in ducts and pipes. 3, we will take the min value 0. The constant volume law governs the bending process, the bend material particles distribution, and deformation types are also crucial for this process. 1 mm can be made in polypropylene PP, aluminum or stainless steel. 0015-0. At exactly the same torque level of 24 foot pounds, variations between 4500 pounds and 6700 pounds are experienced. 550 is well-suited for most maintenance needs. Generally, linear thermal expansion is most applicable to solids. The conductive heat transport through the layered wall can be calculated asGage Factor 2. View Product. 20: 15 - Grey cast. 5; H32 aluminum is 3. Bends w/Corrugated Inner Radius. 33 K factor 0. Many designers reference a chart like this or use test pieces to calculate the K-Factor for specific projects. Where available, full property information can be viewed for materials including chemical composition, mechanical properties, physical properties, advanced property. For 6 inches Insulation: multiply by 0. Relative roughness can be expressed as. The Y-Factor is used, as far as I know, solely by PTC’s Pro-Engineer, now known as Creo Elements/Pro. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed in the form. Flexible Rubber Tubing - Smooth. The bending tool has a radius of 30 mm which means that our Inside Bend Radius (R) is 30 mm. So we bend a lot of mild steel. 166: S-M2-X: M2. 42. , in. For TMT steel bars, it is 7850 kg/m3. This K-factor is applied as an average value for most bend allowance calculations. Sheet metal thickness is denoted by gauge, sometimes spelled gage, which indicates a standard thickness before processing. Includes additional data and reference information carefully selected and adapted. The higher the R-value, the greater the insulating effectiveness. The Machinability is mainly affected by: Carbon (C): 0. K1 proximity sensors provide consistent sensing ranges for many metal target materials — and good value when evaluating cost versus sensing distance. From the part’s edge, dimples. Transition: 5 < u*ε/ν ≤ 70. Thermodynamics Work, heat and energy systems. (5-6 mm) thick material Note: Because thinner gauges of stainless steel are generally used, the force required to shear stainless steel for a given part is often comparable to the force needed to shear a similar part made of thicker carbon steel. [8] Monel alloy 400 is notable for its toughness, which is maintained over a. 4 in3/min. The material thickness (T), bending angle (A), inner bending radius (R), and K-factor of the. Product code: 06398G. The K-Factor is used to calculate both the position of the Neutral Axis and the amount of material that must be removed in order to achieve the desired flat pattern. Bend Allowance (BA) = (Π/180) × ( R + K×T) × A. 998. 0 K-factor. 4401, DIN 1. 8 Square Head; Low Head Socket Cap Screws. A black body is a material that is a perfect emitter of heat energy and has an emissivity value of 1. 820 × 3. Factor 1 sensors are readily available in stainless steel versions rated up to IP69K for high pressure and temperature washdown, so it is likely a version will be available to fit most applications. Where, Hf = Pressure loss or head loss. The bend test is obtained around a diameter of the bend factor multiplied by the steel thickness. In our case, we will use the table for ALUMINUM-INCH. K-Factor is the ratio of the neutral axis to the material thickness. Circular Ring - Temperature Expansion Calculate ring (or pipe) diameter expansion or contraction when temperature changes. With this equation, if you know K, F and D, you can multiply them to get the torque needed to tighten the bolt so that it has the right amount of tension. F f = frictional force (N, lb). *C 1 AN219207 Inductive Sensing Design Guide Authors: Paul Walsh, Dineshbabu Mani Associated Part Family: PSoC® 4700 Software Version: PSoC Creator™ 4. Bend Radii And K Factors For 304 Stainless Steel. & Yu, W. 4 Btu/ft·h·°F at 212 °F), yield. units by 10. 62-Rubber (60 A Belt) Rubber (60 A Belt) . Austenite-martensitic steel, also known as austenitic-maraging stainless steel, is. Features a 3/4 inch NPT (20 mm BSPT) thread size and 8. NPT sprinkler joint should be obtained with a torque ofThe “K” factor variation ranging from 0. To determine allowable working pressure at elevated temperatures, multiply allowable working pressures from Tables 2 throughBend Allowance Chart K factor 0. However, continuous use at 425-860°C is not recommended if corrosion resistance in water is required. The bolt plating material is usually the limiting factor on maximum service temperature. The value of k is 0. The nut factor, K, sums up the combined effects of many variables affecting. in feet of straight pipe). The effect of bolt coatings and lubricants on the friction coefficients. 3572×10-3 m3. e. where: BA = bend allowance. (10-6 in/ (in oF)) Admiralty Brass. 33 K factor 0. A K-Factor will typically range between 0 and . We specialize in the highest quality commercial and residential stainless steel and aluminum fabrication and repair. This chart is for reference only – you should always verify your process for better results. relieved thermally or mechanically. Our favorite metal for durable and decorative parts. Seat: Copper UNS-C11000 and Stainless Steel UNS-S30400 Belleville Spring Sealing Assembly: Nickel Alloy, coated on both sides with PTFE Tape Compression Screw: Stainless Steel. Riveted steel (new) 0. Specifying a Gasket Size for the Flange System 94 2. 1 - Stainless Steel Approved Escutcheons X - Standard surface-mounted escutcheons Footnotes 1. 4307, 1. K-Factor Three-Phase DOE 2016 Efficiency, Aluminum. 8 (242 metric*) nominal K-Factor and special deflector, this sprinkler produces large, high-momentum water droplets in a hemispheric pattern below the deflector. Mark a fold line exactly in the center. /°F or mm/mm/°C. You can easily modify the Material Thickness, Inside Radius, and K-Factor for each thickness at the top of each column. 17 8. The density of stainless steel 304 is 7. S-N Curve / Woehler Curve. 0 μm level mostly of Fe 3 O 4 with some of α-Fe 2 O 3, which means. Guidelines for stainless steel selection; BS EN ISO 9223 Atmospheric Corrosion Class Typical outdoor environment Suitable stainless steel; C1 (Very low) Deserts and arctic areas (very low humidity) 1. 6 (80), 8. To work the following formula, you need to convert the inside bend radius and material thickness measurements from inches to millimeters. Page: F_102905. Contains molybdenum which increases corrosion resistance to chlorides and phosphates. 6 times the aluminum plate. 7 min read. The tensile, fracture, and fatigue crack growth properties of 316L stainless steel (SS) produced using the selective laser melting (SLM) technique were evaluated and compared with those of conventionally manufactured (CM) austenitic SSs. The Bend allowance is the dimensional amount added to a part through elongation during the bending process. The deduction is 1. The Math /. 5 Bar), the working pressure limit established by Victaulic for Vic-Press for Schedule 10S systems. Steel pipe with other pipe wall thick-nesses are permitted to be used when the pipe is specially listed. 00015 . We deduce then the friction factor, the Chézy coefficient and the mean flow velocity (Chézy equation). (125 Pa) for different sizes and lengths are shown in Table 402. 5 max) serves as a control figure in sheet metal bending calculation. T = material thickness. From and is defaulted at . Peterson, Stress- Concentration Factors, Wiley, New York, 1974, pp. Fluid Velocity: 3 m/s: Fluid Density: 1000 kg/m 3: Friction Factor: 0. n. ASME. Overall heat transfer coefficient (k) is a measure of the resistance to heat flow, made up of the resistances caused by the plate material, amount of foul-ing, nature of the fluids and type of exchanger used. Mathematically bend allowance during Sheet metal bending can be calculated as per the following formula. Step-3: Value of Bend Deduction and Flat pattern are shown in Result Section. This name refers to the average composition, 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Therefore, the bend allowance added to the flange lengths is equal to the total flat length. Table 2 - Mechanical properties of 301 grade stainless steel. 5% chromium. This steel is known for its good corrosion resistance and formability, coupled with practical mechanical properties. Processing may include polishing, or the applying of protective plastics which will decrease or increase a sheet’s thickness respectively. A – bend angle in deg. Biot number Boltzmann factor Boyle's law. (oF) Thermal Expansion. The K-factor is calculated based on value ranges and is used to determine the following: Tube bending feasibility (whether it is in fact possible to bend a round,. 0. Davis. 16. Care was taken to include as much information as possible about stainless steel flat products used throughout Europe, for the informatio n of the user: • Chemical and physical properties are in accordance with EN 10088-1:2005 • Mechanical properties are in accordanc e with EN 10088-2:2005, except for heThe thickness of sheet metal is also an important factor, and it can range from extremely thin to several centimeters. 8 billion tons produced per year. 11 to 0. h: heat transfer coefficient, W/ (m 2 K)Emissivity is a measure of the efficiency in which a surface emits thermal energy. Sponsored Links. table - i : material of construction table - ii : approval data k-factor spray angle model & approvals mv-a brass, without strainer mv-as brass, with strainer mv-b stainlessAISI Type 316 Stainless Steel, annealed sheet. Example - Linear Expansion. k = 0. [10, 11]. K = 0. 77CO 2 eq. Click here for a Gauge to mm Conversion Chart . MC values range between 0. Modulus of elasticity 193 GPa. Thermal conductivity coefficients for insulation materials, aluminum, asphalt, brass, copper, steel, gases and more. The higher the K factor, the more the support conditions hurt the member’s resistance to buckling, and vice versa. There’s a lot that goes into this value and various factors that affect it, many of which we covered. 1 ft (foot) = 0. 8 times the steel plate thickness and 1. 16: Miscellaneous Data: Applied Load: Tensile: kg?Carbon Footprint of Steel Per Kg. material and thickness. The centerline of the sprinkler waterway is located 7/16 in. Stainless Steel Pickling. 301 stainless steel is an austenitic grade that can be supplied in various hardness and strengths. 16. These are 304 SS material. For example, chromium can be added for corrosion resistance, nickel can improve toughness and ductility, and. It offers good corrosion protection, under high loads, over a wide temperature range. [Stainless steel 735] 26. May be mildly magnetic. 6–0. Y factor considers the internal stress. Related DocumentsThe friction force is the force exerted by a surface when an object moves across it - or makes an effort to move across it. An average and commonly used value for the K-factor is 0. 50 by default. Fanning Friction Factor. 34. 7709. 93 g/cm3 (0. Engineering Data SECTION PAGE DATE A Crane Co. r = k / d h (1) where. i use inventor and have now got astoundingly accurate components to these k factors. 25, it means that the neutral layer is located at 25% of the thickness of the part sheet metal material. 316 Stainless Steel Offers excellent corrosion resistance, even more than 18-8 stainless steel. 200 x 1. The pressure drop calculations are based on the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation with the following parameters: Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 40. Bend Allowance (BA) =. Stainless steel 304 has good resistance to oxidation in intermittent service up to 870°C and in continuous service to 925°C. Standard Metric; S-256-X: 2-56. Δ p minor_loss = ξ ρ f v 2 / 2 (1) . Editor: J. 87, or about 2. F = μkN F = μ k N. The constant volume law. 44 psi/100ft = 9. 5 mm measured from the inside bend, then you would. 7 C). A premium formulation for a wide variety of applications over a wide temperature range. 33 K factor 0. Select an item in Units to set the unit of measurement. Resistors and resistor wire, used for zero. In simple terms, R-values measure the effectiveness of insulation and a higher number represents more effective insulation. MODEL F1 - Stainless Steel H - Bronze MOUNTING Pendent MAXIMUM WORKING 12 bar (175 psi) PRESSURE RECOMMENDED 2.